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The poem opens with the sight of curiously bent birches trees. When the poet sees birches bending to left and right in the backdrop of straighter and darker trees, he likes to believe it is the work of some country boy who mustve indulged in swinging them. However, he is fully away that it cannot be the case as the birches have been permanently bent. He knows it isnt the work of a harmless boy. Its the ice storms. Harsh, cold and ruthless. The boy and the ice storm both are explanations for the truth behind the state of the bent birches. One is the objective, fact based explanation which states that which is. The other is a subjective explanation based on fantasy which creates a possibility of that which can be.
The use of contrast is seen throughout the poem: black/white, ideal/real, heat/cold, old age/adolescence, fact/fiction. The list goes on. In the opening lines of the poem, the poet comes across birches which bend to the left and right are rooted within the backdrop of straighter, darker trees. It is interesting to note that he uses a comparative degree of straighter, darker trees in relation to the birches. This complicates the idea of Truth. How straight is straighter and how dark is darker? Is an absolute sufficient to explain a Truth or can it be explained in more than one way?
The poem now switches to the second person as the speaker address the reader ( you ). While referring to the birches to delve into the human condition, we are told that some circumstances merely swing them and others them down forever.
Sometimes, during the winter of adversity, even a gentle breeze makes their branches click against one another which cracks and creases their glossy surface (enamel) but soon, the suns warmth makes them shed their crystal shells. A highly sensory language is used to describe a matter-of fact event : the process of the freezing and thawing of ice. Notice the use of a host of literary devices to capture the reality of winter. The stanza abounds in alliteration ( cracks and crazed), onomatopoeia ( click, shattering, cracks) and sibilance (Soon the suns warmth makes them shed crystal shells). The use of enjambment and present participle captures the unstoppable, momentum of the melting ice:
Thus we see, a poetic language is used to describe a scientific phenomenon. The literal gives way to the figurative. Art makes the reality of the thawing ice more real.
The fallen dome of heaven is a reference to the long discarded Ptolemaic pre-Copernican model of universe which held that the planets are enclosed in spheres (domes). The dome of this heaven has indeed fallen. What was held to be real for ages (the ancient theory) is real no more and what isnt real but a fiction (description of the melting ice) becomes more real than reality itself.
Sometimes, when the poets adult life is ravaged by some harsh truths about the real world (the ice-storms), he prefers the truths to be like a birch tree that might be bent by some boy a boy who was too far from the town to learn baseball and whose only play was what he found. This was how the poet persona supposedly spent his childhood subduing his fathers trees, climbing them and swinging from them to reach the ground.
The opposition of fact vs fantasy resurfaces in these lines. When Truth breaks in a matter-of fact manner , he prefers it to be the workings of a boy instead of the ice storm. The Truth of the boy swinging the birches serves as an antidote to the matter-of fact Truth of the ice storms because the truth of the former leaves scope for dealing with reality through imagination whereas the latter demands the acceptance of an opaque fact : theres no more to it than what is.
Gradually, the speaker conquered all of his fathers trees as a boy, which being young and tender couldnt help but yield to the boys will. The language employed while describing the scene is fraught with violence. Considering the fact that this poem was published during World War I, one might be tempted to draw a link between the text and the event. However, making such speculation isnt feasible as it doesnt complement the thematic concerns of the poem.
The nostalgia of childhood provides a brief escape to the speaker from the rigors of the adult life. The manner in which he used to climb the tree is vividly captured in these lines. After learning to climb carefully with the same pains as one uses to fill the cup up to the brim, and even above the brim , hed fling himself kicking his way down through the air to the ground a lot like building ones life carefully around a certain truth only to fling oneself clear off it. Theres a limit to what a cup can hold and theres a limit to which the boy can climb the tree. He must come down someday.
The boys act of climbing the birches creates a slight tension. Theres both leisure and danger involved in it and above all theres uncertainty quite like life. Climbing the right height is crucial for the act. Too little height wont help him launch and too great a height will jeopardize the boys safety. He needs to learn how to climb and also how not to launch too soon. In short, he has to learn when to hold on and when to let go. Maintaining this balance is of great importance in life.
Sometimes the speaker cant help but yearn to escape from the adult life. He wishes to be the boy again who used to spend his leisure time with the birches.
The imagery of the pathless wood is used to describe lifes complexity and the difficulty in getting around it. One is made to find ones own way in the pathless wood and in doing so, becomes covered with cobwebs and twigs and ones eyes weep from a twigs having lashed across it open . This is the Truth: complex, discomforting, real, raw and painful. And it is only natural that hed like to get away from the ground and being again. Many a trees make pathless woods but climbing the very trees may help one see the path. It is the same trees that may help one to find ones way. A moments pause may help one to carry on and a moments respite gained by swinging on the birches may rejuvenate a tired soul. Many a times, that which limits us may be the very thing that sets us free.
The poet makes it clear that neither is he an escapist nor is he espousing escapism to get away from the rigors of life which demands duty, entrusts responsibility and exploits vulnerability. Rather, what he thirsts for is a brief respite from the harsh realities of existence. As he explicitly states :
The poet wants to briefly escape the harsh realities of life by climbing a birch tree and momentarily transcending the monotony of life. The moment the speaker launches from the birches is when he can shed the cobwebs of everyday existence : ones troubles, worries and responsibilities, quite like the trees which shed crystal shells when the sun is up.
This moment of ecstasy while launching isnt just a physical thrill. It is also the act of aiming at something beyond oneself and momentarily transcending the Self. It is an imaginative act. It is a creative act. But this moment is a fleeting one as lifes responsibilities cannot be avoided altogether. Their is a limit to this act. The birches swing oneself up momentarily and the ground pulls one down. The leap of imagination must also yield to the conditions of reality.
Symbolically, any creative act, despite helping one transcend beyond oneself is limited by the conditions of reality whether it be swinging from a birch tree, making ones Art or composing a poem. Viewed from this angle, the poem then also becomes an commentary on the relationship between truth, life and art. Imagination cannot exist outside the real world. The boy must land on the ground. The swishing in the air must happen with the aid of the birch tree. And the birch must always be rooted to the ground for him to make that launch. Always. Naturally, the speaker cant help but wish wish to return to earth.
Perhaps, he desires to go beyond the black and white categorization of Truth and come back to start again for one could be worse than a swinger of branches. One could be an ice storm which razes the Truth of birches forever to the ground.
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